四級考試寫作

　　1． 議論文的格式：

　　議論文的格式應(yīng)由三個(gè)部分組成：<1>立論部分；<2>論證部分；<3>結(jié)論部分。一般說來，議論文可分三個(gè)基本段落來寫：第一段引出話題；第二段立論且加以論證；第三段給出明確的結(jié)論。第二段是中心段落，應(yīng)試者應(yīng)將主要的內(nèi)容放在第二段中，同時(shí)也要注意開篇及結(jié)尾段落的完整性，且應(yīng)盡量做到首尾呼應(yīng)，切忌前后矛盾。

　　2． 段落的統(tǒng)一性及語篇的連貫性

　�。�1） 段落的統(tǒng)一性

　　英語段落有一大特點(diǎn)，即一個(gè)段落只涉及一個(gè)主題（甚至只是一個(gè)主題的某個(gè)方面）。段落中的一個(gè)句子點(diǎn)出主題并說明作者對該主題的看法，而其它所有句子都是為展開該主題而給出的事實(shí)、例證、推理，它們與主題緊密相關(guān)。段落中不應(yīng)有一個(gè)與主題無關(guān)的句子。英文段落的這種各個(gè)句子與主題的關(guān)聯(lián)性被稱作段落的統(tǒng)一性。請看以下兩例：

　　(1)

　　Birds build their nests in all kinds of places. Some are high in trees, on the sides of buildings or on the top of hills while others on the ground, in fields or by stream banks. Birds also use various nesting materials to build their nests, including sticks, mud, stones, grass and so on. Some birds are able to change to be suitable for different conditions. They’ll build their nests wherever they can find a spot and use whatever materials they can find. But other birds will build their nests only in certain places and use only certain materials.

　　(2) .n et

　　"Culture shock" occurs as a result of lack of understanding in a new culture. It happens to people who have been suddenly "transplanted abroad". Newcomers may be anxious because they do not speak the language, know the customs, or understand people’s behavior in daily life. The visitor finds that "yes" may not necessarily mean "yes," that friendliness does not always mean friendship, or that statements that appear to be serious are really intended as jokes. The foreigner may be unsure as to when to shake hands or embrace, when to initiate conversations, or how to approach a stranger. The notion of "culture shock" help explain feelings of bewilderment and disorientation. Language problems do not account for all the frustrations that people feel. When one is deprived of everything that was once familiar, such as understanding a transportation system, knowing how to register for university classes, or knowing how to make friends, difficulties in coping with the new society may arise.

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