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揭開(kāi)拉斐爾的婚姻之謎英語(yǔ)美文
Art Sleuth Uncovers Clue to Secret Raphael Marriage
意大利藝術(shù)史學(xué)家近日表示，文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期意大利藝壇三杰之一的拉斐爾名畫(huà)《弗娜麗娜》解開(kāi)了文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的一大謎團(tuán)——終生未婚的拉斐爾是否有過(guò)秘密婚姻?
The small pearl brooch in Raphael"s masterpiece, La Fornarina, was the clue, and researchers believe that it has unlocked one of the mysteries of the Renaissance.
據(jù)英國(guó)《衛(wèi)報(bào)》6月18日?qǐng)?bào)道，據(jù)史料記載，拉斐爾37歲去世，終身未婚，其生前有一位家世顯赫的未婚妻——羅馬教廷一位紅衣主教的侄女瑪麗亞·比別納。同時(shí)，幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，一名意大利錫耶納城面包師的女兒、名叫瑪格麗塔·盧蒂的女子一直被認(rèn)為是拉斐爾的情人。
然而，意大利藝術(shù)史學(xué)家?guī)祠斊澰谶M(jìn)行了1年的研究后得出結(jié)論，拉斐爾和傳說(shuō)中的情人盧蒂曾秘密結(jié)婚，但迫于社會(huì)輿論壓力，拉斐爾一直嚴(yán)守著這個(gè)秘密，并最終將它帶入墳?zāi)埂?kù)魯茲表示：“在羅馬，拉斐爾享有極高的社會(huì)地位，他是一個(gè)‘超級(jí)巨星’。在當(dāng)時(shí)，他們的婚姻因兩人懸殊的社會(huì)地位是不會(huì)被社會(huì)所接受的�！�
庫(kù)魯茲指出，對(duì)拉斐爾與盧蒂秘密婚戀的推斷是基于多方面的證據(jù)，其中包括對(duì)拉斐爾同時(shí)代各種文獻(xiàn)資料的研究和畫(huà)作修復(fù)過(guò)程中使用X光技術(shù)得到的證據(jù)，而《弗娜麗娜》中更是暗藏著拉斐爾和盧蒂秘密結(jié)婚的種種證據(jù)。
《弗娜麗娜》這幅被認(rèn)為是達(dá)芬奇名著《蒙娜麗莎》翻版的拉斐爾名著描繪了半遮在精致薄沙之下、有一雙深色眼睛的美麗女子弗娜麗娜。庫(kù)魯茲指出，畫(huà)中一系列有關(guān)婚禮的飾物都在暗示畫(huà)壇巨匠的那場(chǎng)秘密婚戀。
證據(jù)1：畫(huà)中弗娜麗娜頭巾上的那枚珍珠別針。在當(dāng)時(shí)，這種價(jià)格昂貴的飾物通常是新娘在婚禮上佩戴的。庫(kù)魯茲說(shuō)：“綜合各種跡象來(lái)看，珍珠別針是一個(gè)重要證據(jù)�！�
證據(jù)2：“珍珠”的拉丁文是“瑪格麗塔”，這更加證明弗娜麗娜是瑪格麗塔·盧蒂而不是拉斐爾的未婚妻瑪麗亞·比別納。
證據(jù)3：通過(guò)鑒定，弗娜麗娜左臂膀上的藍(lán)色帶狀飾物上曾刻有拉斐爾名字的字樣，后來(lái)被拉斐爾的學(xué)生抹掉。專(zhuān)家認(rèn)為，畫(huà)家這種不同尋常的簽名方式是另有用意。
證據(jù)4：畫(huà)中的背景圖案為象征著愛(ài)情、生育力和忠誠(chéng)的植物——香桃木和溫柏樹(shù)葉。庫(kù)魯茲指出：“這些植物是文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期求愛(ài)的信物�！�
證據(jù)5：弗娜麗娜的手指上本戴有一枚結(jié)婚戒指，后來(lái)也被抹掉。
庫(kù)魯茲說(shuō)：“直到18世紀(jì)，繪畫(huà)作品里所暗藏的寓意被極度重視起來(lái)。我們像閱讀一本書(shū)一樣去解讀一幅畫(huà)�！�
一直以來(lái)，《弗娜麗娜》被認(rèn)為是拉斐爾作品中的珍品。1814年，法國(guó)新古典主義畫(huà)家讓·奧古斯特·多米尼克·安格爾繪制了一幅弗娜麗娜坐在拉斐爾膝蓋上的作品。1個(gè)世紀(jì)以后，畢加索完成的一系列銅版畫(huà)《拉斐爾與弗娜麗娜》描繪了拉斐爾和弗娜麗娜的愛(ài)情故事。19世紀(jì)法國(guó)批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義作家巴爾扎克也同樣提及過(guò)拉斐爾和弗娜麗娜。但弗娜麗娜究竟是誰(shuí)，這一直是文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的一大謎團(tuán)。
據(jù)庫(kù)魯茲介紹，拉斐爾的學(xué)生總在竭盡全力掩蓋瑪格麗塔·盧蒂的存在。拉斐爾生前未完成《弗娜麗娜》，他的學(xué)生在繼續(xù)完成作品的過(guò)程中將那些暗示著婚姻的飾物統(tǒng)統(tǒng)抹去。他們遮蓋了背景上具有象征意義的植物圖案，也抹去了女子手指上的結(jié)婚戒指。但研究人員在最近對(duì)作品的清洗過(guò)程中還是發(fā)現(xiàn)了這些蛛絲馬跡。
庫(kù)魯茲介紹說(shuō)，為了平息老師與面包師之女愛(ài)戀的傳聞，學(xué)生們?cè)诶碃柕哪贡咸岬搅怂奈椿槠蕃旣悂啞け葎e納，希望老師“不光彩”的情人永遠(yuǎn)消失。
1520年，在拉斐爾去世4個(gè)月后，一個(gè)署名“寡婦瑪格麗塔”、錫耶納城面包師之女的人加入了羅馬圣阿波洛尼亞女子修道院。
The small pearl brooch in Raphael"s masterpiece, La Fornarina, was the clue, and researchers believe that it has unlocked one of the mysteries of the Renaissance.
For centuries it has been thought that the woman, Margherita Luti, a baker"s daughter from Siena, was the artist"s mistress.
He was, after all, engaged to the niece of a powerful Vatican cardinal.
However, a new study by an Italian art historian, Maurizio Bernardelli Curuz, suggests that Raphael and Luti had already married in a clandestine ceremony, and that - fearful of a scandal - the artist took the secret to his grave.
Officially, he died a bachelor at the age of 37.
"It was an impossible love affair," said Mr Bernardelli Curuz. "It is hard to overstate Raphael"s status in Rome. He was a superstar. The distance separating them was like that which today would separate George Clooney and his cleaner."
La Fornarina is one of the painter"s most suggestive portraits.
Half-clothed and with a coy expression that has been likened to the Mona Lisa, the dark-eyed beauty has a diaphanous veil over her stomach and suggestively cups her left breast.
Mr Bernardelli Curuz, editor of Stile magazine in Milan, which conducted a year"s research into the romantic riddle, says a string of nuptial allegories in the portrait point to the secret marriage.
The biggest clue, he says, is the brooch pinned on to the fashionable silk turban of La Fornarina, the kind of expensive bauble a woman would wear on her wedding day.
The pearl, also included in another portrait of a woman, La Donna Velata, reinforces the theory that the sitter"s name was Margherita - a Latin word for pearl - and not Maria Bibbiena, the artist"s intended bride.
There are other matrimonial hints, according to the art expert, from the blue ribbon on the woman"s arm bearing Raphael"s name - an unusual way to sign a portrait - to a ring on her left hand that was later covered up by Raphael"s students.